Daniel Smith’s Guide to Using Potentially Harmful Art Materials Wisely and Safely
In recent years, artists have become much better informed about the potential hazards of the materials with which they work. Many artists, particularly those who have had allergic reactions or health conditions caused by certain materials, are switching to less toxic media. Others are taking precautions they might not have previously considered. Labeling of art materials has improved considerably, too, spurred by the Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act of 1988.
As with other health issues, the art hazards information presented in the media can seem alarming, or focus on one risk while minimizing others. This leaflet looks at the basics of safe materials use and gives some resources for finding more specific information. An awareness of hazards you may have overlooked, common sense, and a resolve to change some bad habits (which is, of course, the hardest part!), can greatly improve your studio safety.
Two excellent books which give specific in-depth information on the whole range of art materials hazards are: The Artistic Complete Health and Safety Guide by Monona Rossol, and Artist Beware by Michael McCann.
Oil Painting
Many painters have switched from oils to watercolors or acrylics. This can be a frustrating transition, and in many cases a switch can be avoided. Simply altering the way you work with oils can substantially reduce the risks associated with the medium. Here are some suggestions for safer oil painting.
Reduce solvent exposure
When working with oils, the main toxins encountered are the solvents. Many of us have seen artists who have sworn off using lead white, are cautious about cadmiums, and paint wearing latex gloves, but who continue to work with an open can of turpentine nearby. Turpentine, Mineral Spirits, Odorless Mineral Spirits, and Citrus Thinner are all toxic solvents, and can all contribute to long-term health problems. Of them, Odorless Mineral Spirits is the safest, since the aromatic hydrocarbons have been removed. Narcosis-sleepiness and dizziness-is the most frequent symptom of solvent exposure.
Really good ventilation is important when using any of these solvents; exhaust fans and open windows are helpful. If good air movement cannot be provided, a new product on the market, called Nox-Out, may help. Nox-Out is a molecular absorber that works by adhering molecules of solvents or other airborne hazards to small pellets within a closed chamber. It is surprisingly effective, but it must be positioned within about 18″ of the solvent container.
Always use as little solvent as possible. Consider using separate brushes for various colors rather than washing a brush in turpentine before reloading with each different color. Since most oil colors dry slowly, brushes used for separate colors can be used for several days without cleaning. Just wipe off excess paint when necessary.
For washing brushes, use sparing amounts of solvent, or try some of the new non-toxic or less-toxic brush cleaners that are now available. Some oil painters modify their paints only with linseed oil and use baby oil, followed by soap and water, to clean up their brushes, knives and hands.
Always keep containers tightly lidded when you are not actively using them. Painting mediums and varnishes also contain solvents, so take appropriate precautions when using them, too. Read (and heed) label warnings carefully, and ensure adequate ventilation both as you paint or varnish and as the paint or varnish dries.
Alkyd paints and mediums contain solvents, making them more hazardous than conventional oil paints.
New products such as the MAX Grumbacher Oil Colors, which clean up with water, provide further alternatives to oil painters who wish to reduce solvent exposure.
Minimize skin contact with paints and pigments. Some paints contain hazardous pigments. Lead and cadmiums get the most press, but all pigments which contain heavy metals (including cobalt, chromium, manganese and mercury) are toxic to some degree. Daniel Smith paints use low soluble, chemically pure cadmiums which contain less than one part per million soluble cadmium, greatly reducing potential health risks.
It is important to read the labels on your paint tubes. While it’s easy to avoid a paint called Lead White, you may not realize that some Naples Yellow formulations include lead. Most manufacturers now include health labeling on their tubes which will alert you to specific hazardous components.
Latex gloves or protective creams minimize contact and possible absorption of paint or solvents, and have become increasingly popular with artists. They also cut cleanup time.
Although many artists like to mix their own paints, using premixed paints is much safer than grinding and mixing powdered pigments, which are easily airborne. If you do want to mix your own paints, we recommend using a respirator and gloves, and observing scrupulous studio hygiene. Clean your hands with one of the new non-toxic solvents, special hand cleaning soaps, or baby oil followed by soap and water.
Avoid ingesting toxins. It may seem obvious, but eating, drinking and smoking should be avoided while painting. Never store food with studio materials.
Store materials properly
Buy only what is needed for a relatively short period of time. Mark containers with the purchase date, so older inventory can be used first. Read and follow manufacturers’ storage instructions. Store solvents in their original containers or approved safety storage containers with labels. Never store them in glass, in open containers or next to a heat source such as a vent, radiator, furnace or stove.